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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> Python 序列化和反序列化库 MarshMallow 的用法 </h1>
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                <p>在很多情况下，我们会有把 Python 对象进行序列化或反序列化的需求，比如开发 REST API，比如一些面向对象化的数据加载和保存，都会应用到这个功能。 比如这里看一个最基本的例子，这里给到一个 User 的 Class 定义，再给到一个 data 数据，像这样：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">User</span>(<span class="title">object</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, name, age)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.name = name</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.age = age</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = [&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;, &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Mike'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>现在我要把这个 data 快速转成 User 组成的数组，变成这样：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=23), User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Mike'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=20)]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>你会怎么来实现？ 或者我有了上面的列表内容，想要转成一个 JSON 字符串，变成这样：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[&#123;<span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"Germey"</span>, <span class="attr">"age"</span>: <span class="number">23</span>&#125;, &#123;<span class="attr">"name"</span>: <span class="string">"Mike"</span>, <span class="attr">"age"</span>: <span class="number">20</span>&#125;]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>你又会怎么操作呢？ 另外如果 JSON 数据里面有各种各样的脏数据，你需要在初始化时验证这些字段是否合法，另外 User 这个对象里面 name、age 的数据类型不同，如何针对不同的数据类型进行针对性的类型转换，这个你有更好的实现方案吗？</p>
                <h2 id="初步思路"><a href="#初步思路" class="headerlink" title="初步思路"></a>初步思路</h2>
                <p>之前我写过一篇文章介绍过 attrs 和 cattrs 这两个库，它们二者的组合可以非常方便地实现对象的序列化和反序列化。 譬如这样：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> attr <span class="keyword">import</span> attrs, attrib</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> cattr <span class="keyword">import</span> structure, unstructure</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">@attrs</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="keyword">User</span>(<span class="keyword">object</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="type">name</span> = attrib()</span><br><span class="line">    age = attrib()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">user</span> = structure(data, <span class="keyword">User</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'user'</span>, <span class="keyword">user</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">json</span> = unstructure(<span class="keyword">user</span>)</span><br><span class="line">print(<span class="string">'json'</span>, <span class="type">json</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight pgsql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">user</span> <span class="keyword">User</span>(<span class="type">name</span>=<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, age=<span class="number">23</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="type">json</span> &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>好，这里我们通过 attrs 和 cattrs 这两个库来实现了单个对象的转换。 首先我们要肯定一下 attrs 这个库，它可以极大地简化 Python 类的定义，同时每个字段可以定义多种数据类型。 但 cattrs 这个库就相对弱一些了，如果把 data 换成数组，用 cattrs 还是不怎么好转换的，另外它的 structure 和 unstructure 在某些情景下容错能力较差，所以对于上面的需求，用这两个库搭配起来并不是一个最优的解决方案。 另外数据的校验也是一个问题，attrs 虽然提供了 validator 的参数，但对于多种类型的数据处理的支持并没有那么强大。 所以，我们想要寻求一个更优的解决方案。</p>
                <h2 id="更优雅的方案"><a href="#更优雅的方案" class="headerlink" title="更优雅的方案"></a>更优雅的方案</h2>
                <p>这里推荐一个库，叫做 marshmallow，它是专门用来支持 Python 对象和原生数据相互转换的库，如实现 object -&gt; dict，objects -&gt; list, string -&gt; dict, string -&gt; list 等的转换功能，另外它还提供了非常丰富的数据类型转换和校验 API，帮助我们快速实现数据的转换。 要使用 marshmallow 这个库，需要先安装下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight cmake">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">pip3 <span class="keyword">install</span> marshmallow</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>好了之后，我们在之前的基础上定义一个 Schema，如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ruby">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">UserSchema</span>(<span class="title">Schema</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">    name = fields.Str()</span><br><span class="line">    age = fields.Integer()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @post_load</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">make</span><span class="params">(<span class="keyword">self</span>, data, **kwargs)</span></span><span class="symbol">:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> User(**data)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>还是之前的数据：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ini">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="attr">data</span> = [&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;, &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Mike'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">20</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时候我们只需要调用 Schema 的 load 事件就好了：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">schema = UserSchema()</span><br><span class="line">users = schema.load(data, <span class="attribute">many</span>=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(users)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>输出结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=23), User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Mike'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=20)]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样，我们非常轻松地完成了 JSON 到 User List 的转换。 有人说，如果是单个数据怎么办呢，只需要把 load 方法的 many 参数去掉即可：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: 23</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">schema = UserSchema()</span><br><span class="line">user = schema.load(data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(user)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>输出结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=23)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>当然，这仅仅是一个反序列化操作，我们还可以正向进行序列化，以及使用各种各样的验证条件。 下面我们再来看看吧。</p>
                <h2 id="更方便的序列化"><a href="#更方便的序列化" class="headerlink" title="更方便的序列化"></a>更方便的序列化</h2>
                <p>上面的例子我们实现了序列化操作，输出了 users 为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">[User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=23), User(<span class="attribute">name</span>=<span class="string">'Mike'</span>, <span class="attribute">age</span>=20)]</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>有了这个数据，我们也能轻松实现序列化操作。 序列化操作，使用 dump 方法即可</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">result = schema.dump(users, <span class="attribute">many</span>=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(<span class="string">'result'</span>, result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight css">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="selector-tag">result</span> <span class="selector-attr">[&#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: 23, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>&#125;, &#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: 20, <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Mike'</span>&#125;]</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>由于是 List，所以 dump 方法需要加一个参数 many 为 True。 当然对于单个对象，直接使用 dump 同样是可以的：</p>
                <figure class="highlight stylus">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">result = schema.dump(user)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="title">print</span><span class="params">(<span class="string">'result'</span>, result)</span></span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight puppet">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">result</span> &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">23</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样的话，单个、多个对象的序列化也不再是难事。 经过上面的操作，我们完成了 object 到 dict 或 list 的转换，即：</p>
                <figure class="highlight ocaml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">object</span> &lt;-&gt; dict</span><br><span class="line">objects &lt;-&gt; <span class="built_in">list</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="验证"><a href="#验证" class="headerlink" title="验证"></a>验证</h2>
                <p>当然，上面的功能其实并不足以让你觉得 marshmallow 有多么了不起，其实就是一个对象到基本数据的转换嘛。但肯定不止这些，marshmallow 还提供了更加强大啊功能，比如说验证，Validation。 比如这里我们将 age 这个字段设置为 hello，它无法被转换成数值类型，所以肯定会报错，样例如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">data = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="string">'hello'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> marshmallow <span class="keyword">import</span> ValidationError</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    schema = UserSchema()</span><br><span class="line">    user, errors = schema.load(data)</span><br><span class="line">    print(user, errors)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> ValidationError <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'e.message'</span>, e.messages)</span><br><span class="line">    print(<span class="string">'e.valid_data'</span>, e.valid_data)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里如果加载报错，我们可以直接拿到 Error 的 messages 和 valid_data 对象，它包含了错误的信息和正确的字段结果，运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight puppet">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">e.<span class="keyword">message</span> &#123;<span class="string">'age'</span>: [<span class="string">'Not a valid integer.'</span>]&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">e</span>.<span class="keyword">valid_data</span> &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Germey'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>因此，比如我们想要开发一个功能，比如用户注册，表单信息就是提交过来的 data，我们只需要过一遍 Validation，就可以轻松得知哪些数据符合要求，哪些不符合要求，接着再进一步进行处理。 当然验证功能肯定不止这一些，我们再来感受一下另一个示例：</p>
                <figure class="highlight xquery">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from pprint <span class="keyword">import</span> pprint</span><br><span class="line">from marshmallow <span class="keyword">import</span> Schema, fields, <span class="keyword">validate</span>, ValidationError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">class UserSchema(Schema):</span><br><span class="line">   <span class="built_in"> name</span> = fields.Str(<span class="keyword">validate</span>=<span class="keyword">validate</span>.Length<span class="built_in">(min</span>=<span class="number">1</span>))</span><br><span class="line">    permission = fields.Str(<span class="keyword">validate</span>=<span class="keyword">validate</span>.OneOf([<span class="string">'read'</span>, <span class="string">'write'</span>, <span class="string">'admin'</span>]))</span><br><span class="line">    age = fields.Int(<span class="keyword">validate</span>=<span class="keyword">validate</span>.Range<span class="built_in">(min</span>=<span class="number">18</span>,<span class="built_in"> max</span>=<span class="number">40</span>))</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">in_data = &#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">''</span>, <span class="string">'permission'</span>: <span class="string">'invalid'</span>, <span class="string">'age'</span>: <span class="number">71</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">try:</span><br><span class="line">    UserSchema().load(in_data)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> ValidationError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    pprint(err.messages)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>比如这里的 validate 字段，我们分别校验了 name、permission、age 三个字段，校验方式各不相同。 如 name 我们要判断其最小值为 1，则使用了 Length 对象。permission 必须要是几个字符串之一，这里又使用了 OneOf 对象，age 又必须是介于某个范围之间，这里就使用了 Range 对象。 下面我们故意传入一些错误的数据，看下运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight applescript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'age': ['Must be <span class="keyword">greater than</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="keyword">equal</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="number">18</span> <span class="keyword">and</span> <span class="keyword">less than or equal</span> <span class="keyword">to</span> <span class="number">40.</span>'],</span><br><span class="line"> '<span class="built_in">name</span>': ['Shorter than minimum <span class="built_in">length</span> <span class="number">1.</span>'],</span><br><span class="line"> 'permission': ['Must be one <span class="keyword">of</span>: <span class="built_in">read</span>, <span class="built_in">write</span>, admin.']&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，这里也返回了数据验证的结果，对于不符合条件的字段，一一进行说明。 另外我们也可以自定义验证方法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from marshmallow import Schema, fields, ValidationError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def validate<span class="constructor">_quantity(<span class="params">n</span>)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n &lt; <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        raise <span class="constructor">ValidationError('Quantity <span class="params">must</span> <span class="params">be</span> <span class="params">greater</span> <span class="params">than</span> 0.')</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> n &gt; <span class="number">30</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        raise <span class="constructor">ValidationError('Quantity <span class="params">must</span> <span class="params">not</span> <span class="params">be</span> <span class="params">greater</span> <span class="params">than</span> 30.')</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="constructor">ItemSchema(Schema)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    quantity = fields.<span class="constructor">Integer(<span class="params">validate</span>=<span class="params">validate_quantity</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">in_data = &#123;'quantity': <span class="number">31</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    result = <span class="constructor">ItemSchema()</span>.load(in_data)</span><br><span class="line">except ValidationError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    print(err.messages)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过自定义方法，同样可以实现更灵活的验证，运行结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight prolog">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'quantity'</span>: [<span class="string">'Quantity must not be greater than 30.'</span>]&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>对于上面的例子，还有更优雅的写法：</p>
                <figure class="highlight reasonml">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">from marshmallow import fields, Schema, validates, ValidationError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="constructor">ItemSchema(Schema)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    quantity = fields.<span class="constructor">Integer()</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    @validates('quantity')</span><br><span class="line">    def validate<span class="constructor">_quantity(<span class="params">self</span>, <span class="params">value</span>)</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> value &lt; <span class="number">0</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            raise <span class="constructor">ValidationError('Quantity <span class="params">must</span> <span class="params">be</span> <span class="params">greater</span> <span class="params">than</span> 0.')</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> value &gt; <span class="number">30</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            raise <span class="constructor">ValidationError('Quantity <span class="params">must</span> <span class="params">not</span> <span class="params">be</span> <span class="params">greater</span> <span class="params">than</span> 30.')</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>通过定义方法并用 validates 修饰符，使得代码的书写更加简洁。</p>
                <h2 id="必填字段"><a href="#必填字段" class="headerlink" title="必填字段"></a>必填字段</h2>
                <p>如果要想定义必填字段，只需要在 fields 里面加入 required 参数并设置为 True 即可，另外我们还可以自定义错误信息，使用 error_messages 即可，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pprint <span class="keyword">import</span> pprint</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> marshmallow <span class="keyword">import</span> Schema, fields, ValidationError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">UserSchema</span><span class="params">(Schema)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    name = fields.String(required=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    age = fields.Integer(required=<span class="literal">True</span>, error_messages=&#123;<span class="string">'required'</span>: <span class="string">'Age is required.'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">    city = fields.String(</span><br><span class="line">        required=<span class="literal">True</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        error_messages=&#123;<span class="string">'required'</span>: &#123;<span class="string">'message'</span>: <span class="string">'City required'</span>, <span class="string">'code'</span>: <span class="number">400</span>&#125;&#125;,</span><br><span class="line">    )</span><br><span class="line">    email = fields.Email()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    result = UserSchema().load(&#123;<span class="string">'email'</span>: <span class="string">'foo@bar.com'</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">except</span> ValidationError <span class="keyword">as</span> err:</span><br><span class="line">    pprint(err.messages)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="默认字段"><a href="#默认字段" class="headerlink" title="默认字段"></a>默认字段</h2>
                <p>对于序列化和反序列化字段，marshmallow 还提供了默认值，而且区分得非常清楚！如 missing 则是在反序列化时自动填充的数据，default 则是在序列化时自动填充的数据。 例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> marshmallow <span class="keyword">import</span> Schema, fields</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> datetime <span class="keyword">as</span> dt</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> uuid</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">UserSchema</span>(<span class="type">Schema</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    id = fields.<span class="type">UUID</span>(<span class="title">missing</span>=<span class="title">uuid</span>.<span class="title">uuid1</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    birthdate = fields.<span class="type">DateTime</span>(<span class="title">default</span>=<span class="title">dt</span>.<span class="title">datetime</span>(2017, 9, 29))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">print(<span class="type">UserSchema</span>().load(&#123;&#125;))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">print(<span class="type">UserSchema</span>().dump(&#123;&#125;))</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里我们都是定义的空数据，分别进行序列化和反序列化，运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'id': UUID('06aa384a-570c-11ea-<span class="number">9869</span>-a<span class="number">0999</span>b0d<span class="number">6843</span>')&#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#123;'birthdate': '<span class="number">2017-09-29</span>T00:00:00'&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>可以看到，在没有真实值的情况下，序列化和反序列化都是用了默认值。 这个真的是解决了我之前在 cattrs 序列化和反序列化时候的痛点啊！</p>
                <h2 id="指定属性名"><a href="#指定属性名" class="headerlink" title="指定属性名"></a>指定属性名</h2>
                <p>在序列化时，Schema 对象会默认使用和自身定义相同的 fields 属性名，当然也可以自定义，如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">class UserSchema(Schema):</span><br><span class="line">    name = fields.String()</span><br><span class="line">    email_addr = fields.String(<span class="attribute">attribute</span>=<span class="string">'email'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    date_created = fields.DateTime(<span class="attribute">attribute</span>=<span class="string">'created_at'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">user = User(<span class="string">'Keith'</span>, <span class="attribute">email</span>=<span class="string">'keith@stones.com'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">ser = UserSchema()</span><br><span class="line">result, errors = ser.dump(user)</span><br><span class="line">pprint(result)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'name': 'Keith',</span><br><span class="line"> 'email_addr': 'keith@stones.com',</span><br><span class="line"> 'date_created': '<span class="number">2014-08-17</span>T14:58:57.<span class="number">600623</span>+00:00'&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>反序列化也是一样，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight kotlin">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">UserSchema</span></span>(Schema):</span><br><span class="line">    name = fields.String()</span><br><span class="line">    email = fields.Email(load_from=<span class="string">'emailAddress'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">data</span> = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">'Mike'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">'emailAddress'</span>: <span class="string">'foo@bar.com'</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">s = UserSchema()</span><br><span class="line">result, errors = s.load(<span class="keyword">data</span>)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>运行结果如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight awk">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;<span class="string">'name'</span>: <span class="string">u'Mike'</span>,</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">'email'</span>: <span class="string">'foo@bar.com'</span>&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <h2 id="嵌套属性"><a href="#嵌套属性" class="headerlink" title="嵌套属性"></a>嵌套属性</h2>
                <p>对于嵌套属性，marshmallow 当然也不在话下，这也是让我觉得 marshmallow 非常好用的地方，例如：</p>
                <figure class="highlight haskell">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> datetime <span class="keyword">import</span> date</span><br><span class="line"><span class="title">from</span> marshmallow <span class="keyword">import</span> Schema, fields, pprint</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">ArtistSchema</span>(<span class="type">Schema</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    name = fields.<span class="type">Str</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="type">AlbumSchema</span>(<span class="type">Schema</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    title = fields.<span class="type">Str</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    release_date = fields.<span class="type">Date</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">    artist = fields.<span class="type">Nested</span>(<span class="type">ArtistSchema</span>())</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">bowie = dict(<span class="title">name</span>='<span class="type">David</span> <span class="type">Bowie</span>')</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">album = dict(<span class="title">artist</span>=<span class="title">bowie</span>, <span class="title">title</span>='<span class="type">Hunky</span> <span class="type">Dory</span>', <span class="title">release_date</span>=<span class="title">date</span>(1971, 12, 17))</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">schema = <span class="type">AlbumSchema</span>()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">result = schema.dump(<span class="title">album</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class">pprint(<span class="title">result</span>, <span class="title">indent</span>=2)</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这样我们就能充分利用好对象关联外键来方便地实现很多关联功能。 以上介绍的内容基本算在日常的使用中是够用了，当然以上都是一些基本的示例，对于更多功能，可以参考 marchmallow 的官方文档：<a href="https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/，强烈推荐大家用起来" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://marshmallow.readthedocs.io/en/stable/，强烈推荐大家用起来</a>。</p>
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